Hayek's Idea of Information Use and Its Use in 21st Century Essay

Hayek's Idea of Information Use and Its Use in 21st Century - Essay Example The essay "Hayek's Idea of Information Use and Its Use in 21st Century" talks about the Friedrich Hayek's views on information usage in the marketing area expressed in his article "The Use of Knowledge in Society". According to Hayek, the more decentralized the economy is, the more variable the information is (spread throughout the society). In his own words, â€Å"The marvel is that in a case like that of a scarcity of one raw material, without an order being issued, without more than perhaps a handful of people knowing the cause, tens of thousands of people whose identity could not be ascertained by months of investigation, are made to use the material or its products more sparingly; i.e., they move in the right direction†. Hayek has pointed out the danger of tyranny that lies in a centrally planned economy resulting from the control of economic decision-making by the government. The functioning of any market depends largely on the nature of the information that the economic agents interacting in that economy possess. According to Hayek, there are mainly two types of information that are available to an economic agent. In this article, Hayek also marked a difference between two categories of information or awareness. One is scientific or technical information and the other is the information about individual’s capacities on the other. This paper tries to relate these ideas to the 21st-century growth in information about individuals and their wants, needs, capacities and the making of new markets such as eBay.... The functioning of any market depends largely on the nature of the information that the economic agents interacting in that economy possess. According to Hayek, there are mainly two types of information that are available to an economic agent (Hayek, 1945). On the one hand there is the scientific information and the technical information. This is basically the theoretical information regarding any activity, related to production or distribution the goods and services or related to the allocation of scares resources. And the other is related to the information that an individual possess regarding his capacities on the other individual(s). The first type of information is basically of theoretical type. In this information an individual acquires information necessary to the make economic decisions, such as production, distribution etc. The other type of information relates to the practical exposure of all the theoretical information those are available to the individuals. These are basi cally the useful and realistic information (Hayek, 1945, p. 3). Types of information: According to Hayek, all the theoretical information is related to the specific section of the society that are related to the generation and the development of those theories. These individuals are responsible for the invention and the study of those theories. Again in other sense of the explanation of this information this kind of information is not the aggregate of all available information. Rather this is the information of specific circumstances of specific time and place. In this respect it is said that every individual in any economy possess some unique information which give him some kind of advantage

Analysis Of Ethical Egoism Philosophy Essay

Analysis Of Ethical Egoism Philosophy Essay Moral standards inform our actions, behaviours, and thoughts. The foundation of these standards stem from our cultural heritage passed on through generations. Introducing morals into the ego bears the philosophy of ethical egoism, which is a normative theory, based on the promotion of ones own good in accordance with morality (Moseley). Shaver avers that based on the ethical egoism theory it is necessary and sufficient for an action to be morally right and that it maximizes own good. The promotion and pursuance of ones self-interest underscores the normative theory. It prescribes the motivation of ones thought, behaviour, and action. To understand the ethical egoism theory we must first know certain principles behind it. Ethical egoism is a normative theory, which means it prescribes how we should think, behave, and act. Shaver presents three features of ethical egoism as individual, personal and universal. He states that individual ethical egoism is notion that all persons should serve self-interest. Personal ethical egoism is the belief that one should act from the motive of self-interest (Shaver). Universal ethical egoism is the doctrine that all persons should pursue their own interests exclusively (Shaver). The foundation of a coherent theory of ethics is in truth, consistency, and completeness. In truth means that a statement of action is either true or false and not both. Consistency means that there should be no contradictions or incompatible statements. Completeness means that there should be no moral truth, which is not provable from the basic moral principles of the theory (Moseley). Shavers argument (qtd. in Rachels) in favour of the theory is that we are better position to know what is good for us. He further argues that since to seek out the good of others is to interfere, we should mind our own business. His point is that all of our commonplace practices from corporate social responsibility to a welfare system are borne of self-preservation and interest. Shavers other submission (qtd. in Rand) in favour of the theory is that a form of egoism was one of the thrust the American Revolution. He further argues that capitalism a 19th Century business model of the American history helped in rapid economic and cultural development that the nation also experienced. In opposition to the theory, Moseley (qtd. in Bayer) believes that it fails to provide the moral and arbitration framework to resolve conflicts. He holds that it is contradictory that pursuit of self-interest can be right and wrong. Moseley states that a successful pursuance of self-interest can be a deterrent if it prevents others from seeking their interest though perceived as a moral triumph. Finally, opponents say that ethical egoism is prejudicial because it divides people into two groups and discriminates against one group based on some subjective difference. Critics have touted this as best objection to the theory, for it provides the soundest reason why the interests of others ought to concern the interests of the self. The theory fails to answer certain fundamental questions of criteria of categorization, like the difference between self and others that justifies placing self in a special category. This makes the theory an arbitrary doctrine, in the same way that racism is arbitrary (Moseley). Some strengths of the theory are that, sometimes acting in ones self-interest often benefits others .e.g. going to college is in your self-interest, and it will help keep you off welfare, crime. In pursuing your self-interest, you will get a job, which will benefit others, or you start a business to make money, but you must have satisfied employees and a competitive product thereby helping others. In choosing your own interest, you must have the personal freedom to choose. Hence, as an egoist you must allow everyone to pursue his own personal interest (universal ethical egoism); consequently, egoism leads into a right-based theory where each individual has certain inalienable rights or a rule-based theory where certain rules of conduct are in the interest of everyone to observe. That is we are all better off if everyone obeys the law for we have to give up some good to achieve our maximum possible good. (Moseley). Notable weaknesses of the theory include the fact that it cannot be generalized or recommended to others because such a recommendation would be against ones self-interest; there is no way to justify the belief since it applies to just one person. Another problem is that it is difficult to figure out what own interests means. It cannot be ascertained whether the phrase mean short-term or long-term benefit, pleasure, happiness, preference, or something else, for what gives you pleasure might not be a benefit or in your interest. (Moseley). One thing is certain about all the arguments presented, that the theory is controversial, inconsistent, and incongruous and cannot therefore be used as a basis to guide and direct our actions, habits, and beliefs. It is imperative to state that a theory is but an opinion or point of view if not grounded in truth, consistency, and completeness.

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Child Obesity Six through eleven year old obese children have increased from seven percent to eighteen percent, for children of twelve through nineteen the percentage has increased from five percent to eighteen as stated by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/obesity/facts.htm. In this new decade, fast, fatty, and sugary, food has become day to day life consumption in our society. America’s children are exposed to these foods and unfortunately take part in this diet because their providers present them with this unhealthy diet. Not only do they have an inadequate nutritious diet, but they also lack of physical activity. There are millions of children who need your help to not be in danger of a serious health problem and die. Child obesity is increasing rapidly in the United States. Let’s begin by addressing the problems that can occur among child obesity. The first problem is that children may not be able to meet all of their physical needs. Example of a fifteen month old weighing fifty five pounds, twenty...

Special Needs Children Being Educated in Mainstream School

For many old ages at that place has been argument whether kids with particular demands should travel to mainstream school. Two decennaries ago kids in mainstream school would ne'er hold encountered a kid with particular demands. In the 1980 ‘s many particular school were closed down. John Macbeath one of the writers described it as a signifier of maltreatment for some kids and that they are more likely to acquire expelled, and instructors were go forthing the profession because they could non get by. All kids including those with particular educational demands have the right to an appropriate instruction. The demand of the single kid should be see when determinations are being made. The parent are entitled and should be enabled to play an active portion in the determination devising procedure. Their wants should be taken into consideration. A new authorities study is being interpreted as announcing reversal of policy over how particular needs kids are educated. The study suggests that the figure of particular school will non be reduced any farther ; alternatively they will be encouraged to associate with mainstream schools. The aspiration of the particular educational demands division is that every kid with particular educational demands reaches their full potency in school and can do a successful passage to maturity. To advance the public assistance and involvements of a particular needs kid an improve the support they receive, there are sites that provides a broad scope of advice and stuffs for instructors parents, local governments and other working with particular demands kids in England. John Macbeath think that other kids lost out as staff devoted their clip to particular demands kids, parent felt betrayed as their kids educational demands went unmet and the kids sunk into a spiral of misbehavior that frequently ended in ejection. Steve Sinnott the brotherhood ‘s general secretary said that inclusion has failed many kids ; Teacher ‘s supported the thought in rule, but felt allow down by the practise. Lord Adonis, the school curate, went on to state kids should be taught in mainstream schools, if this is what their parent privation and it is non incompatible with the efficient instruction of the other kids. David Willets, the shadow instruction secretary said the study should take the authorities to rethink on its inclusion policy. The tendency for an increasing figure of particular demands kids to go to mainstream school has been a success and widely seen by parents and kids as the preferred option. The authorities and the local governments had some drawback, because they thought it would be excessively much money to supply the installations and trim tuition for those kids who need it. That is non a good ground for turning back. Some schools are loath to suit kids with particular demands they think that the school could be drag down. The policy of suiting kids with particular demands in mainstream school has merely started to do a difference. Some kids will stay in particular school. But the pick should chiefly be one for parents. It should non be forced upon them by the local governments or target-hungry caput instructors seeking to curtail their school ‘s consumption. In many states there is small contact between particular needs school ‘s and mainstream schools. However, the state of affairs is get downing to alter. In 1983 the first traveling instructors who have some specialist preparation began working with particular need kids in mainstream school. Mainstream instructors were non trained to work with going instructors and this make it hard for the going instructors to supply effectual support. The authorities created an instruction policy in 2001 yet there is no counsel on the development, taking a mainstream school may besides offer the advantages of the school being nearby. With the possibility of blending with the same kids and households out of school. Childs can be offered significant aid in mainstream school both with and without statements of particular educational demands. With the strengthening in 2001 of parents right to mainstream topographic points for their kids. There are more particular demand kids go toing mainstream school and in add-on all schools have more responsibilities to do themselves accessible to and to supply accommodation for kids with particular demands. The different between mainstream and particular school is a legal 1. Harmonizing to the commission, those with particular educational demands are being sidelined. It besides claims the authorities inclusion policy, learning students in mainstream schools wherever possible is doing confusion about whether this means, shuting particular schools. One point five three million kids in England are judged to hold particular educational demands. The commission recommends more mainstream and particular school connection in federations to portion thoughts. Barry Sheerman, the commission president say many of the job identified in their study root from the fact that particular educational demands proviso has non been given sufficient precedence by consecutive authorities. The criterions varied widely ; there is a high degree of satisfaction out at that place, about 90 per centum. The commission argues that mainstream schools need to make good in conference tabular arraies, means some are unwilling to accept particular demands kids for fright of detrimental mean trial consequences. Regardless of the theory, the grounds clearly demonstrates that particular instruction demand and the raising achievement agenda sit really uncomfortably together at present. Reacting to Lord Adonis, the demands of the kid should come foremost and the penchant of the parents should be given really great consideration. The Government ‘s instruction policy if focused on assisting all kids releases their possible. They are committed to develop an instruction services that provides equal chance and high accomplishment for all kids. The particular educational demand codification of practise drama an of import function in presenting that committedness. The particular educational demand and disablement act 2001 provides a model for developing the strong partnership between parents, schools, local instruction governments, wellness and societal services and voluntary administration that are important to success in taking barriers. They are all confident that the codification of practise will construct on the success and aid raise the accomplishment of all kids.

Health Care Museum Essay

HEALTH CARE MUSEUM The Health Care Museum exhibit is to acknowledgment the five most significant developments in the evolution of healthcare in the United States. Over the years we’ve seen a rapid growth in the Health Care industry that’s both good and bad. After my research there are several areas I would like to portray for my exhibit debut. The five most significant developments are The Insured, the Underinsured, & the Uninsured, Medications, Prevention, Technology and Health Care Delivery. EXHIBIT A: The Insured, the Underinsured, & the Uninsured Insurance plays a huge part of healthcare development over the years. We have laws in place to help patients who are insured, underinsured and uninsured to received treatments. There a lot of people who struggle to keep up with the increasing costs of health care insurance, but there are plan that’s affordable to cover their medical expenses. The impact insurance has in United States is really big because â€Å"the number of people without health care has increased†. The establishing future in Health Care insurance remains uncertain because many people today still don’t have health insurance. I do believe that the health care reform will help in that case, but it may take some time to see the results. EXHIBIT B: Medications Medications play a very big important role into the development of the Health Care Industry. With the advancement of medication we have seen a momentous decrease in the number of people that were hospitalized or caused death because they did not acquired the proper medication. Science is the main reason why we are so ahead in medicine, â€Å"advances in medical science† help protect most diseases from spreading. Medicines can cure, preclude, or even stop an outbreak or a virus. The most notable development of medicine is that it comes in many different shapes and size. One can take medicine in a use of a pill, liquid such as syrup and exercise is a form of medication. . EXHIBIT C: Prevention Prevention has to be the most important development thus far because if we don’t have any control over transferrable diseases from spreading â€Å"Ebola†, then we all are at risk of an epidemic of disease that’s infectious. Around the world we have community associates and health care providers that’s willing to educate the public about the importance and the consequences of a transmittable disease. We all have been working together to prevent the spreading of dangerous disease. Some of the simple task we can do to prevent spreading disease is as simple as washing your hands constantly. EXHIBIT D: Technology If it wasn’t for technology the United State Health Care System wouldn’t be as great as it is today. Technology has a great impact in all of the different health fields in the industry. Since technology is improving constantly the possibilities are endless as to what we can use it for. The most important part in regards to technology in Health Care is the ability to obtain very important medical information. Many different departments in the healthcare field are using technology a lot of different ways. The most common use is to reach out to the â€Å"broader populations,† connect with patients virtually, and most importantly public awareness. EXHIBIT E: Health Care Delivery Reforming our health care delivery system to improve the quality and value of care is essential to address escalating costs, poor quality, and increasing numbers of Americans without health insurance coverage. Reforms should improve access to the right care at the right time in the right setting. They should keep people healthy and prevent common, avoidable complications of illnesses to the greatest extent possible. Thoughtfully constructed reforms would support greater access to health-improving care – in contrast to the current system, which encourages more tests, procedures, and treatments that are at best unnecessary and at worst harmful. In conclusion, as we all know the health care industry has grown drastically over the years. The five most significant developments is not only important factors in the health care field, but they’re also important in today’s society. For example, The Insured, the Underinsured, & the Uninsured plays a huge part in today’s world because of the sky rocking health cost and the fact that not everyone can afford it. Medications are also very important since we all want to feel better when we are ill. References Access to Health Care Coalition (2001). Closing the gap: Improving access to health care in Michigan. Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan. Retrieved October 13, 2014 from http://bcbsm.com/blues/pdf/access_to_hc.pdf American Hospital Association (1997). Hospital statistics: A comprehensive summary of U. S. hospitals. Chicago, IL: Author. Institute for the Future (2000). Health and health care 2010: The forecast, the challenge. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Health Statistics. Health U.S. 2010: With Special features on death and dying. Hyattsville MD:CDC, National Center for Health Statistics, 2014