English Teaching Abbreviations Explained

English Teaching Abbreviations Explained You might be a bit confused by the all the English teaching abbreviations that are used in the profession. Here is a list of the most common English teaching abbreviations that are used in the profession with an emphasis on ESL / EFL teaching. ELT - English Language TeachingESL - English as a Second LanguageEFL - English as a Foreign Language The main difference between these is that ESL is English taught to foreign language speakers living in an English speaking country like the United States, Canada, England, Australia, etc. English as a foreign language, on the other hand, is taught to those wishing to learn English for their study/ work / hobby needs but who live in countries where English is not the first language. Teaching Abbreviations to Know Here are some more important abbreviations related to teaching, teaching certificates, and English exams: AAAL - American Association for Applied Linguistics ACTFL - American Council on the teaching of Foreign Languages AE - American English BAAL - British Association of Applied Linguistics BC - British Council BEC - Business English Certificate - Cambridge business English exam certificate BrE - British English BVT - Bilingual Vocational Training CAE - Certificate in Advanced English - the fourth Cambridge Exam Cambridge Exams - The standard in English examination throughout the world outside of the USA (where the TOEFL is preferred). CALI - Computer-Assisted Language Instruction CALL - Computer-Assisted Language Learning CanE - Canadian English CAT - Computer Adaptive Testing CBT - Computer-Based Teaching CEELT - Cambridge Examination in English for Language Teachers. Tests the English competency of non-native teachers of English. CEIBT - Certificate in English for International Business and Trade for advanced levels. CPE - Certificate of Proficiency in English - the fifth and the most advanced of Cambridges series of exams (roughly comparable to a score of 600-650 on the TOEFL). CELTA - Certificate in English language teaching to adults (Cambridge/RSA Teaching Certificate also known as C-TEFLA) DELTA - Diploma in English language teaching (Cambridge/RSA Language Teaching Scheme) EAP - English for Academic Purposes ECCE - Exam for the Certificate of Competency in English (Michigan University) - lower level. ECPE - Exam for the Certificate of Proficiency in English (Michigan University) - higher level. EFL - English as a Foreign Language EGP - English for general purposes EIP - English as an International Language ELICOS - English Language Intensive Courses to Overseas Students. Government registered centers teaching English to overseas students in Australia. ELT - English Language Teaching ESL - English as a Second Language. ESOL - English for Speakers of Other Languages ESP -English for Specific Purposes (business English, English for tourism, etc.) ETS - Educational Testing Service FCE - First Certificate in English - the third of Cambridges series of exams (comparable to a score of 500 on the TOEFL and 5.7 on the IELTS). GMAT - Graduate Management Admission Test. The GMAT measures general verbal, mathematical, and analytical writing skills. GPA - Grade Point Average GRE - Graduate Record Examination - an evaluation test for graduate admission to colleges and universities in the U.S. IATEFL - International Association of Teachers of English as a Foreign Language IPA - International Phonetic Association K12 - Kindergarten - 12th grade. KET - Key English Test - The most elementary of Cambridges series of exams L1 - Language 1 - native language L2 - Language 2 - the language you are learning LEP - Limited English Proficient LL - Language Learning MT - Mother Tongue NATECLA - National Association for Teaching English and other Community Languages to Adults (UK) NATESOL - National Association of Teachers of English for Speakers of Other Languages NCTE - National Council of Teachers of English NLP - Neurolinguistic Programming NNEST - Non-Native English Speaking Teacher NNL - Non-Native Language MTELP - Michigan Test of English Language Proficiency OE - Old English OED - Oxford English Dictionary PET - Preliminary English Test - The second of Cambridges series of exams. RP - Received Pronunciation - standard British pronunciation RSA/Cambridge C-TEFLA - Certificate of Teaching English as a Foreign Language to Adults. A professional qualification for prospective EFL teachers. RSA/Cambridge D-TEFLA - Diploma of Teaching English as a Foreign Language. Advanced qualification for EFL teachers who have already completed the C-TEFLA. SAE - Standard American English SAT - Scholastic Assessment (Aptitude) Test - pre-university entrance exam in the USA TEFL - Teaching English as a Foreign Language TEFLA - Teaching English as a Foreign Language to Adults TEIL - Teaching English as an International Language TESL - Teaching English as a Second Language TESOL - Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages TOEFL - Test of English as a Foreign Language - the most common English proficiency exam for North American universities and colleges, also accepted by some British universities and employers as proof of English proficiency. TOEIC - The TOEIC (pronounced toe-ick) is a Test of English for International Communication. VE - Vocational English VESL - Vocational English as a Second Language YLE - Young Learners English Tests - Cambridge Examinations for young learners

How To Prepare A Good Resume And CV

How To Prepare A Good Resume And CV How To Prepare A Good Resume And CV â€Å"If you call failures experiments, you can put them in your resume and claim them as achievements,† said professor Mason Cooley. His witty observation highlights this basic truth: the effective resume and CV writing requires careful thought and attention. The following tips can help produce a quality resume or CV. Know The Difference It is important to know the difference between a resume and a CV (curriculum vitae). While resumes are commonly required by companies from job applicants, certain positions require a CV. Both documents are a written summary of a person’s background, but there are three main differences between the two: length, content, and purpose. First, a resume is a brief summary of a person’s background, education and work history. It usually is one page in length, and at most two pages. A CV is more detailed and therefore longer. For a younger professional a CV may only be 2-3 pages. As he/she gains more experience, the CV may increase to 10 pages or more. Second, a resume and CV will differ in contents. A resume will usually be limited to education, work experience, and credentials. A CV may include these as well, but will also have teaching experience, awards, publications, presentations, and any other career-related achievements. Finally, the two documents serve different purposes. A resume is a concise summary of education and experience focused on presenting a person’s qualifications for a specific job. Because of this, resume editing is often necessary to tailor it to the particular job sought. A CV is a detailed overview of life accomplishments often focusing on academic history, experience and research. As such, CV writing is often required if a person seeks a position in higher education, research, or medicine. Additionally, if a person applies for an international position, a CV is most often required and not a resume. Include Needed Information Since these documents will form a prospective employer’s first impression, a person needs to include the proper information for each type. For a resume, this includes the following: name and contact information, education, and work experience. Arrange the information in each section chronologically. An applicant should also prepare a cover letter to send with the resume. It serves as a written record of what is sent, to whom it is sent, and who sent it. A CV is much more detailed. It should include personal information such as marital status, age, date of birth, number of children, personal interests, and a professional photo. It should then detail the candidate’s academic background, beginning with high school. A person should also include research experience, teaching positions, grants, honors, awards, fellowships, publications, presentations, scholarly or professional memberships, licenses, certificates, and all other related information. The details in each of these sections should also be arranged in chronological order. Prepare and Polish Finally, prepare the written products with careful CV and resume editing. Maintain uniformity in style, font, and formatting throughout the documents for an appealing finished product. A person should proof-read the writing thoroughly to insure proper spelling and grammar. Free online grammar editing tools are a great help in this task. Considering a resume and CVs importance, a person may consider employing the services of a company like for assistance. Contact us today at toll free at 800-573-0840 to see how we can help.

An Articular About the Strategic Performance of Mitchell & Butler Essay

An Articular About the Strategic Performance of Mitchell & Butler - Essay Example So what makes this possible in a world where luxury is about taking pleasure in life in the best of the hospitality facilities in the world? It lays in the corporations operations that are divided into two business divisions namely â€Å"Pubs and bars† and â€Å"Restaurants†. Mitchells and Butlers Company owns and operates a considerable number of pubs, bars and restaurants, and this is, in addition to a number of, hotels that are located in the same place, but different venues with the pubs and restaurants. What has been done to tap into the worlds market and better their services for competitive advantage? The business divisions operate under different brands such as Sizzlin pub Co and Vintage inns. These are just two out of the available twenty four, and are as a result of the company’s first merger of midlands family businesses to form Mitchells and Butlers back in 1898. This was just the start of mergers the company would be involved in, and this was experie nced in 1961 and 2010 after the purchase of HaHa Bar and Grill businesses, and this gives way to All Bar One and Brown Brands. Now who said that organizations should cut on costs by utilizing the available resources to achieve the best? This is certainly Mitchell and Butler’s management which has affected team work. ... Food has now replaced drinks in terms of percentage of sales increasing from 31% five years ago to 47%. The business strategy of the company was born out of the January 2012; Board members’ review that was conducted on the business with a view of modernizing and developing the company into a favorite in the food enterprise business. The review outlined the developments that came up in the last 55days after evaluating the organization. The business entity was a strong, financially sound with solvable setbacks backed with a vast reserve of assets, brands and an efficient management team. This came in line with the significant expansion in the total figure of brands produced by the company and abundant opportunities aimed at downsizing the portfolio of the brands, reduction of expenses, recovering the margins and managing incentives. The company vision was to be used as a typical extent of food and beverages in the foodstuff industry. An interview with the company’s execut ive chairman Mr. Bob Ivell revealed that the company has its eyes set on success by ensuring that their business attract and retain customers. The company wants to utilize the fresh and quality products which in turn dictate the prices. The business entity base its tactics on a recent research that outlined that food records 42billion dollars of the total 71 billion for food together with beverage in the market. This is to maintain competitive advantage over their competitors. Introduction of Landmark Beer guidelines in the year 1989 altered everything, save for rapid evolution of innovative brands similar to brands like Browns, O’Neill and bars, taking into account the economic situation at that time. It is noteworthy that the company had got a share in

Marketing Strategy of Procter and Gamble Term Paper - 1

Marketing Strategy of Procter and Gamble - Term Paper Example From this paper it is clear that other basic problems include but are not restricted to what appropriate marketing strategy to adopt—should Scope be positioned as a â€Å"better tasting pre-brushing dental rinse† against its previous recognitions as a â€Å"better tasting and breath freshener† manufacturing issue concerning how to produce product that will match the standardizations required by As the discussion stresses Canadian Health Protection Branch, The Canadian Dental Association and Saccharin/Cyclamate Sweeteners requirements; finding alternatives to funding the marketing of Scope since the product has so far received its highest finances in years, and that funding another line of product might be helpful to reduce cost competitively; recognizing the significance of spending more on advertising another line of product to shore up customers’ interest in Scope; and discovering the best approach as far as Procter and Gamble’s operations and purchasing are concerned. The cause of this important analysis of Procter and Gamble’s operations in Canada is based on the fact that other rivals in the same niche of health care product like Plax, Colgate, Listerine, Listermint and Cepacol which brandish their comparative quality of pre-brushing rinse has captured the market from Scope. This is because these other products offer consumers the opportunity to fi ght their plaque—â€Å"which is the soft, sticky film that coats teeth hours after brushing them†. The Canadian Mouthwash Market Shares below justifies the fact that Plax has made significant gain against Scope, having started with a mere 1% of the market share in 1988 to commanding an appreciable 10% of the same market in 1990.

Global Warming - Persuasive Essay Essay Example for Free

Global Warming Persuasive Essay Essay The United States of America constitute four percent of the worlds population, yet produce one-fourth of the worlds carbon dioxide (Arbitrage 2005). It has been controversial if carbon dioxide is causing to rise the worlds temperature with long-term destruction to the environment or not. This research involves trying to find out if in fact global warming is happening or not. There are climate research findings which state global warming is happening, and there are also findings that this man-caused climate change is not evident. To the layman person, the conflicted issue can be rather confusing. The goal of this paper is to show which argument is stronger. International Climate Science Coalition (ICSC), the interest group which focuses on publicizing the consequences of ill-advised ideas of global warming. Its goal is to create awareness about rational discussion about climate changes, in so doing, moving the debate away from implementation of costly, dangerous, and ineffectual energy sources such as wind turbines, solar power, and biofuels. The core principles consist of ten criteria; however, these core principles can be overthrown with scientific discoveries by global warming activists such as EDF. The interest group, Environmental Defense Fund (EDF), focuses on preserving the natural systems on which all life depends. Its mission is to find practical and lasting solution to the most serious environmental problems. ICSC (global warming skeptic) states the first core principle as following. 1.) Global climate is always changing in accordance with natural causes and recent changes are not unusual. To answer the Regarding the climate change issue, EDF stated that humans are causing global warming by two main actions burning fossil fuels and deforestation which causes large amounts of carbon dioxide to be released in the atmosphere and act as a greenhouse. The second core principle is 2.) Science is rapidly evolving away from the view that humanitys emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases are a cause of dangerous climate change. EDF disputes, as the earths atmosphere plays a great role in the climate for an example the earth and the moon is the same distance from the sun but they both have drastic differences in temperature. Greenhouse gases are what keep the earth habitable because it acts like a giant blanket the more greenhouse gasses the hotter the earth becomes. The third core  principle is 3.) Climate models used by the IPCC, United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, fail to reproduce known past climates without manipulation and therefore l ack the scientific integrity needed for use in climate prediction and related policy decision-making. EDF defends that the EDF is not the only interest group that is supporting climate change for an example the IPCC has done research involving climate change without the use of manipulation. The IPCC has also made an assessment report on the reliability of their climate models stating the reliability of their conclusion. The fourth core principle is 4.) The UN IPCC Summary for Policymakers and the assertions of IPCC executives too often seriously misrepresent the conclusions of their own scientific reports. EDF states the IPCC once again made assessments of their own scientific reports reducing their misrepresentation of their conclusions. The fifth core principle is 5.) Claims that consensus exists among climate experts regarding the causes of the modest warning of the past century are contradicted by thousands of independent scientists. EDF declares International Climate Science Coalition (ICSC) has stated that many independent scientist debunked the fact that many scientist have a consensus on views but this is generally untrue because according to the National Aeronautics Space Administration (NASA) ninety-seven percent of the climate scientists agree that climate warming trends over the past century are very likely due to human activities, and most of the leading scientific organizations worldwide have issued public statements endorsing this position. The following is a partial list of American scientific societies who gave statements on climate change: American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Chemical Society, American Geophysical Union, American Medical Association, American Meteorological Society, American Physical Society, and The Geological Society of America. The sixth core principle is 6.) Carbon dioxide is not a pollutant it is a necessary in plant photosynthesis and so is essential for life on earth. EDF came back with the ICSC has also stated that carbon dioxide is beneficial and It is true that carbon dioxide is a necessary factor as it is essential for life on earth but excessive carbon dioxide can disturb the balance of the greenhouse gasses which is harmful in great amounts. The seventh core principle is 7.) Research that identifies the Sun as a major driver of global climate change must be taken more seriously. EDF  argued the sun is a major driver of global climate change in the sense that i t is what gives us heat it is the atmosphere that regulates temperature it is important to keep our environment steady and it is taken extremely seriously. The eighth core principle is 8. ) Global cooling has presented serious problems for human society and the environment throughout history while global warming has generally been highly beneficial. EDFs argument was that due to global warming many travesties like Drought, insect overpopulation, disease spread, rising sea levels and weather related disasters have occurred. The ninth core principle is 9.) It is not possible to reliably predict how climate will change in the future, beyond the certainty that multi-decadal warming and cooling trends, and abrupt changes, will all continue, underscoring a need for effective adaptation. EDFs answer was it is impossible to reliably predict how the climate will change in the future but you cannot deny the evidence that the earth is progressively heating at a rapid level. EDF also states that scientists are almost certain that the humans are the utmost cause of global warming. The tenth core principle is 10.) Since science and observation have failed to substantiate the human-caused climate change hypothesis, it is premature to damage national economies with carbon taxes, emissions trading or other schemes to control greenhouse gas emissions. EDF, once again, stated the ICSC states that carbon tax will just destroy the economy but carbon tax will decrease the use of fossil fuels which may be a limited source and will help organizations efforts to decrease greenhouse gasses. The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which COMMITS its Parties by setting internationally binding emission reduction targets. From United Nation web: http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php

Fredrick Douglass :: essays papers

Fredrick Douglass Fredrick Douglass vs. Gone with the Wind. That’s how I perceived the two pieces of literature, Douglass is writing a true account of what his experience has been in slavery while Gone with the Wind is a fictional production of southern life. Pardon the simile but they are like black and white. Douglass gives a graphic portrayal of his own beatings and being forced to work. The guy didn’t even know when his birthday was, at first I was like big deal, but after I thought about it and that would suck not knowing when you were brought into the world. Not knowing your Mother real well would seriously bite but I loved how in the night she would walk the twelve miles to the plantation just to put her boy to sleep. Very touching. It’s odd for me to think of my Mom dying and not being that sad. Douglass said it was like hearing about a stranger dying. Gone with the Wind was however a completely different story. I look at Scarlet and I’m thinking, â€Å"man what a fox† how could anything bother her? Does she even have a clue as to how terrible slavery really is? She has everything, the house, the clothes, and the influence, everything except for the man of her dreams but hey she eventually gets a piece at the end of the show. I can see why this movie has been around for like fifty years, it’s because it’s what’s people want to believe, what flatters us. I’m guilty of this, I would much rather watch a pretty decent movie about the â€Å"southern dream†: ladies, money and debutantes opposed to almost feeling the sting on my back as I soak up Douglass’s narrative on slavery, sickness and tribulations. Douglass repeats a couple times that literacy is the seat of freedom, I don’t know about that. Sure, you are free to read when possible and write when allowed but that doesn’t deliver you from the bonds of slavery, who cares if you are educated? To a slave owner you are one step closer to an uprising and this in turn makes him punish you even more brutally. I don’t believe its freedom to read. If I was a slave I would be so depressed I think I’d give up and let myself die, I mean it can only get better from here right?

A Reaction Paper to the Article “Versioning: a Smart Way to Sell Information” by Carl Shapiro and Hal Varian

â€Å"Information Technology is changing the way companies operate. † Porter, et al. discussed the value of information and how its acquisition, processing, and transmission brought different dimensions of pricing and cost reduction for buyers and sellers around the world. Because information is valuable, diversity in strategies were employed to outperform one business from another. Incorporating IT is not just one way but the best stratagem, so far. IT integration offers wider possibilities on how to facilitate information extensively. Much more opportunities arrived when the web, the greatest source for data transfer and possession began its service through internet. The use of internet has transformed the way information is to be manipulated, acquired, and transferred easily from one user to the next. This concept of transfer became the foundation of businesses to invest more on IT aiming on earning using information shift through the so-called versioning. Versioning is supposed to mean as an upgrade, or a reproduction of an improved copy of product/s. Like books, version or more known as edition defines how valuable a book is judging from reprints it has gone through and the copies sold out from every reprint; and normally the cost of the first edition varies from the value to the strength of requested copies demanded by the public. Digital information versioning however, does not confine to an upgrade only. Because internet has provided several sources of acquiring information, capitalists reengineered the idea of versioning by looking at digital information as valuable goods to sell electronically. The business logic of selling also would not just conform to traditional and manual sides, but also begun pursuing global scale to outrun competitors. This is where strategy comes in. To strategically sell information goods, you need to determine its economic valuable first. According to Shapiro, et al. , there is a distinctive cost structure that first copy is often expensive and subsequent copies become very cheap. We are talking about production costs here – the same perception taken from editions of books also. Because of this, the more information is reproduced, the lower the average of cost production. With the speed of internet aiding the transfer, variable cost of production disappears almost completely. (Shapiro, p 108) Incorporating business strategy has then changed the interpretation of versioning. The basis of its purpose revolves in the possibilities of revenues that it may bring forth to entrepreneurs selling these goods. Now, versioning has several intentions that feature how important information is being sought through the internet. With the correct pricing, customer’s ability to purchase software and downloadable data in the market is determined and assessed. Understanding Strategic Risks in Versioning: A Smarter Way to Sell Digital Goods The objective of versioning is to continuously present an upgrade or development of an earlier adaptation as perceived in the concept of technology innovation which is expounded in the time of its release and use, as presented by International Standard ISO 861. While technology advances, industrialists found a better way of expanding the purpose of versions also. Versioning becomes the idea of goods marketability in the internet. For example, free version is offered for try outs. Most net users are attracted by freeware. The range of website providers is getting larger to offer such promotions. The logic of free version is to offer a â€Å"taste† of the product being sold. These â€Å"teasers† are very common in antivirus software which provides just enough of main service of the item. However, they are also a prelude to buying the higher or upgrade version which provides full service of the merchandise at a certain price. Whether a user will purchase the item remains to be seen on how imperative it is for him to obtain it. AVG 2011 free edition, for instance is antivirus software that offers security components like resident shield, license, identity protection, anti-spyware, email scanner, anti-rootkit, link scanner, update manager, and PC analyzer. After downloading the free edition, the AVG dashboard or dialog box contains an ad pertaining to another type of AVG software that offers larger scope of protection, named AVG Internet Security 2011 and downloading it would mean urchasing at $54. 99 for 1-year subscription. AVG Internet Security 2011 also offers an unlimited and complete virus protection that includes faster scanning (meaning the free version is time-consuming? ), enhanced firewall and system tools support. Taking a tour at their website, another lead does not offer free edition but a regular price of the AVG antivirus at $34. 99, and several other offers like Home Security, Business Secu rity, and Trial versions. Versioning becomes a form of customer and information segmentation. It is easier to classify the customers who need information depending on the coverage (speed, quality, and technical services). The higher the quality and comprehensiveness of a software, the more expensive it becomes and the fewer the chances are of its availability of being downloaded, printed or copied, unless for a biddable price. And so the higher or lower the price a customer is willing to pay for getting the information, the best way of identifying bidder/customers’ â€Å"class†. Categorizing different types of user enable business owners to understand trends, forecast future version launches and expansions that include revenue projectile and cost calculations. Versioning is also business intelligence per se because it is a form of gathering information from customers who reveal how much they are willing to pay for information they sought. Business Intelligence is knowledge about customers, competitors, business partners, competitive environment and internal operations of the organization that gives the ability to make effective important and strategic business decisions. With the knowledge acquired from classes of versions and types of purchases a customer makes, a business can start raising or dropping prices consequently from the analysis that a â€Å"professional† or frequent computer user will value the latest upgrades more than a simple home user. Consequently, once a customer starts bidding or showing interest on a product or information, he/she also willingly gives personal data regarding his work, his contact info (email or phone numbers and sometimes even home addresses) as a form of registration. The truth is the customer’s data goes on into a database as company’s resource for forecast, future product offers and other customer related transactions. While this strategy is good, there is a downbeat side some organizations normally neglect to respond to. For some companies who do not play fair, moral principles are ignored. Whereas, business intelligence through versioning provides competitive edge to the company, the method of acquiring data from customers can sometimes cross the line. The transfer and receipt of information becomes the means of spreading spywares, malwares and adware that are damaging to users and other companies. Whether it may appear harmless to include spoofing (forging of the return address on an email), and key loggers (Trojan horse that records every keystroke and mouse click) as a means to understand their customers better, it is a malicious form of invasion of privacy of an individual – a crime that is also often not apprehended because of the broadness of the scope of the internet. Crossing the lines could lead to mistrust of customers and future clients further damaging the reputation of the establishment. Malwares that are incorporated to version download sometimes cannot be entirely blamed to the organization who seeks competitive advantage. Internet is full of hackers, either a participant of the rival or simply an individual who enjoys making pranks to others. An unprotected website can be easily hacked and integrate viruses to the system even with the assurance of the host’s protection. Ensuring that the website is protected from getting data stolen and damaged can preserve company integrity. Information goods sellers should also not traverse the code of ethics to gain competitive edge. While seemingly technology reacts positively to the interest of the business, businessmen must hang on to not just building trust with their customers but also protecting the trust given to them so as to build long-lasting customer relationships with them. On the other hand, versioning can either upgrade or downgrade the quality impression of information goods, too. While free version clicks in the market, there are risks on premium quality versions of information goods. Oestreicher-Singer, et al stated that technologically savvy customers especially the non ethical, support-independent advanced users) view digital goods as being of higher value, and possibly as better substitutes than physical goods subjecting digital goods to piracy and therefore affecting the demands of emerging ones. Piracy is the unauthorized reproduction of digital goods under copyright, infringing the holder’s exclusive privileges to his property. It happens â€Å"because the copy of a copy typically does not deteriorate in quality† and â€Å"copying products can become a wide-spread phenomenon – as illustrated by the surge of file-sharing networks. (Peitz, 2003) Piracy usually occurs because â€Å"users try to maximize their expected benefit (utility). † (Ozertan, 2008) Peitz, et al. further concluded that non-authorized copy may either leave the seller’s profit unchanged or reduce it, because of limited supplier’s monopoly to the goods. Then again, versioning with segmentation and monitoring can prevent it from happening by adopting copyright protection and employ resale rights (which offers restrictions on copies and reselling) for every version released. Espousing lower price for premium versions also decreases piracy because it curbs the edge of can’t-afford notion, therefore allowing the user to aim for the original rather than the pirated copy. In terms of free version, it can have unlimited reproduction since it does not restrict a user from copying and transferring it to another user; however in effect provides an excuse for a non ethical independent user to sell it to another user at a higher price and misleading it as a premium/professional version. This type of piracy often strikes on software copy sold as physical goods (CD,DVD copies). Information goods versioning, in order to work effectively should be implemented correctly and according to the output of the company. Variable costs may disappear completely (Shapiro, et al. ) upon the reproduction of copies by the seller, but neglecting the end-user assessment of product related to copyright concerns, piracy control, privacy policies and website security can turn these variable costs into steep costs during loss of goods monopoly, corrupted reputations from unsecured websites, and unethical business practices for incorporating malwares in selling information goods. Even if versioning poses great possibilities of gaining competitive advantage against rivalries, it also carries responsibilities and risks for the vendor during its application. Versioning may be a smarter way of selling online goods, but vendor should be smarter by focusing on the economic structure and welfare of digital goods first and understanding its trends and unpredictability caused by the constant technology enhancement. What might have worked 5 years earlier could not simply work today. Rather, there is a need to induce another strategy with a strategy to make it work, or replace it completely with another. To date, versioning still applies at present, however more techniques arrived in the picture such as viral marketing, affiliate programs, SEO, collaboration and virtual teams, etc that is in fact a result of studied digital goods selling methods years ago.

What Motivates You

What Motivates You! There was a time where employees were known as just another input into the production of goods and services. What possibly changed the way of thinking about employees was research, referred to as the Hawthorne Studies, conducted by Elton Mayo. This study found employees are not motivated solely by money and employee behavior is linked to their attitudes (Dickson, 1973). Why is motivation so important in the work force and what should be done? Motivated employees are needed in our rapidly changing workplaces.Motivated employees help organizations survive, be more productive and managers need to understand what motivates employees within the context of the roles they perform. Some are motivated by being asked for their assistance, others like to take on new challenges with a new assignment. Likewise having a role of leadership by being in command with ever decision you make with more responsibilities with minimum time. Employees are also instigated by being recogniz ed by their values and like to be seen for their values by going and doing something together.Also a compliment, reward or a bonus is another great way to encourage a member by congratulating them for a job well done. A way to get managers to get employee more motivated is by asking for general help, an idea or even opinions. Asking another person for help is possible the most sincere way to recognize their abilities and value as a worker. They themselves would feel useful to you and to the company knowing they are able to help out in any way or form. This might expose the manager with lack of skills and experience, but it gives the worker self confidence and an admirable feeling knowing something a higher position doesn't know.Few years back I use to work for Raaga, a DVD rental store for Indian movies. My manager was not so great with working on the computer and he knew I was a tech savvy in computers. He would ask me questions or get help about basic information, which I was more than happy to assist him motivating me to know something that my manager doesn’t know and makes me feel like I am an asset to have around in the store. Inquiring also shows the respect for their skills and talent that they apprehend, which leads you to greater trust in ones performance.So not only does it motivate workers, but gain respect at the same time. Some members want attention and would be an honor to be asked for help so they can use their knowledge that they have studied to solve the problem in a different form and gives them the motivation to show what they have in them. Not only does asking for help motivate, but asking for is an idea or opinion another key way. If you admire the persons idea for instance, he/she is diligent and finish their work quickly and would like to know how they finish so efficiently.Don't hesitate to ask them there secret, because not only will it flourish your business, but you will also distinguish the skills and ability in a more meani ngful way. By doing so, you not only helping your business, but also give your employees a way to express them of how they think and express themselves during their daily routine. Many managers and owners don’t take the time and trouble to go up to their employee that can suffer the company, along with the employees not having the encouragement to work productively. Motivation can also be found by having your employees rotating in different position within their home department.Many small and large businesses are looking ways to improve the work design system by creating a job rotation strategy. When employees work on the same duty each day without variation, they are more likely develop boredom and carelessness, because they lose their self-esteem and motivation values. Many workers get tired doing the same task repeatedly, which can lower motivation. This not only lets the workers maneuver around at work by having new task, but will reduce the burnout reduction of being in the same position throughout the years.Burnout is an exhaustion feeling that disintegrates businesses leading to decrease productivity, increased absences and increased of people leaving the job. Placing them in a new surrounding can change the person work behavior in an instance. They are now learning different working skills and socializing with other people in different areas of the department, which gives them the challenge to be a more skillful worker. I am currently working for Dish Network and currently we have been doing the same routine throughout the week.So my supervisor gave me a new opportunity by placing me in new location that I have never been to before. This means meeting new customers and newer environment gives a fresher feeling and new experience giving the motivation to keep working. Having a person with different skills and talent can be a plus point for the company. Furthermore, employees that are engaged with a variety of positions throughout the company expe riences increase in appreciation for coworkers and the connection between positions, which lower resentment and improve organizational commitment.Employees at the same time will build up motivational feelings by knowing that they are a great part of an asset to the company and the team. Greater the motivation the other advantage of the job rotation is increased employee satisfaction, because business owners know when a worker are not pleased with people that endeavors. This makes them feel unmotivated, disturbed and depressed, which is disrupting productivity. Informal leadership can also put a major impact on gaining motivation.According to Jeff Haden, author of â€Å"The 5 Best Ways to Praise Employees,† Putting an employee in a short-term informal leadership role can make a major impact. Testing their knowledge, leadership skills and managing with very little time to complete the task. An informal leadership role shows trust in your employee's intelligence and their judgme nts. The more important the assignment is, the bigger the implied praise and the greater the boost to their self esteem, which ties with motivational factors.According to Psychologist Frederick Herzberg, â€Å"Motivational factors are those elements that go above and beyond the basic maintenance factors. † (148). It gives them the opportunity to be recognized, promoted or even be given more responsibilities. This also motivates the employees to improve their productivity. They might find out new and productive way to complete the company’s goals as well as their individual goals. When they are given a big task or project in hand the boss expects you to manage everything by yourself by gathering the right people for the task and giving out orders might give stress to a person.But it unlocks their motivations and ambition to show they have it in them to accomplish anything for a job well done. Managers and employees are usually busy with their own work and never have the time to know one another. Knowing your employees either as a family or friend can make them feel flattered rather than being seen as just another employee at work. A good way to know your employee's value, especially their value to you is by doing something together. It doesn’t have to be work related in general it can be something outside of work. For instance going ut for coffee or lunch break is a great way to have a conversation. Ask about their family and kids or just life in general. At the same time a manger would want to keep a minimum distance by neither being to companionable with the members, because this may disrupt the flow of productivity of work if we had employees being more laid back and coming late to work to the time they are scheduled. By doing something with an employee individually and getting to know them with the slightest attention can also increase production making them feel admired by being known personally by the boss.Employees will automatically know their position to where they stand and will continue to do what it takes to keep the boss satisfied to be known as a valuable employee. The last source and probably the greatest source are by giving a simple compliment for a great job or even an award to show your gratitude. Money is an important factor in life, but it doesn’t always motivate them. What really motivates to perform at higher levels is being thoughtful, personal kind of recognition showing true gratefulness for job well done.For instance when I finish my shift my supervisor gives me a positive feedback at the end of the day letting me know that I am doing a fine job. Many bosses or owners don't give enough of these compliments to their employees after finishing any task, making them feel they haven't done a extensive job. A boss should notice their employee’s performance, because taking someone for granted will never be a proper motivator. Giving a positive response and other forms of showing your appreciation can show great support for the right performance.The cost is little to nothing and can be given when a good deed occurs, which is when motivation has its most effective impact. Giving a time off can also help people’s motivation. If top performers can continue to keep up with high results while working less, everybody wins. A day off doesn’t really cost the organization anything if the performance levels remain high. Coming to work day to day can be exhausting and can wear people out, which may lower motivation to continue to perform like they use to when they first started.A day off can help a person relax, spend time with the family member and regain energy so their minds can be clearer and make accurate decision or just being rewarded by finishing the job quicker. But of course it never hurts to get extra cash in your pocket by getting a bonus in your paycheck. These are only a few ways to motivate your employees and remember what ever motivates one per son might not motivate everyone else. Giving similar rewards does not motivate employees to exceed further and may ruin performance as top achievers see no reason to do the job that they are doing.According to Continental J. Social Sciences group, study of â€Å"The Effects of Motivation on Workers Performance,† hypotenuse predicted that, â€Å"The majority who are 35 in number with 58 percent proof the significance of promotion and fairness in promoting workers performance, while 17 percent who are 10 in number resort to money likewise, 12 percent for security, 8 percent and 5 percent also subscribe for recognition and prestige respectively,† for a more motivational production.It is important to know that motivational influence plays a very big role in the day to day task of workers in every organization. As a result it is clear that workers performance of any sort is a function of motivation getting from the organization and thereby improves and increase productivity . In view of that workers motivation matter a lot and should be concerned for both employers and the employees.There are many ways to motivate a person and everyone has a different way of being encouraged weather its asking your employee for help, getting placed in a role of informal leadership or even going out for a coffee break getting to know each other can be a great way as well. Maneuver your employees in different departments or environment can also be another way for them to have a fresh new feeling and of course being rewarded or getting cash bonus never hurts for getting a job accomplished for a more efficient successful business.

The Life of Louis Riel

The Life of Louis Riel Free Online Research Papers On October 23, 1844, in Red River Manitoba, Louis Riel Sr and Julie Lagimodiere, devout Christians, brought a young Mà ©tis boy into the world. Little did they know, Louis Riel Jr. would grow up to become known to many as â€Å"the founder of Manitoba.† His life was filled with excitement, both political and personal. The question is, were his actions against the government acts of honor and truth, or deception and lies? Riel Jr.’s political adventures did not begin until he was 25. On November 23, 1869, Riel proposed the formation of a provincial government to replace the Council of Assiniboia because he did not believe that they were not doing their jobs well enough to improve the dull life in Red River. On December 10th his flag flew on the pole at Fort Gary. Riel held a convention of twenty French and twenty English Canadians to draw up a new list of rights. The convention sat a week and finished on February 10th. Riel soon formed another provincial government that was more represented than the last. Three delegates were chosen from the provincial government to present the list of formed rights to the Canadian government: Father Noà «l Ritchot, Judge Black and Alfred Scott . On March 24th, the three delegates left for Ottawa to negotiate entry into Confederation and discuss the list of rights. Finally on May 12th, 1870, the list of rights, now known as the â€Å"Manitoba Act† , was passed by Canadian parliament. One section protected Mà ©tis lands, guaranteed the right to their religion, and the use of their language in the legislature and courts, but it seemed not enough. December 16th 1884, Riel dispatched a petition to Ottawa demanding that settlers be given title to the lands they occupied, that the districts of Saskatchewan, Alberta and Assiniboia be granted provincial status, that laws be passed to encourage nomadic Indians and Mà ©tis to settle on the lands and that they be better treated. On February 11th, 1885, the government answered the petition by promising to appoint a commissioner to investigate the Mà ©tis claims and titles. First, a lengthy census would be taken of the Mà ©tis. Riel, since little had been accomplished, questioned his own leadership qualities. The Mà ©tis reaffirmed their vision of Riel as a leader and asked him to continue as their leader. Not long after these issues were tabled, a rebellion broke out. It was named the Red River Rebellion. The Mà ©tis people had revolted against Manitoba for small issues in their communities that angered them. Riel, caught up in the battle, condemned a man named Thomas Scott as a traitor to the provincial government and shot him. This action enraged the anti-Catholic and anti-French communities. In addition, Riel was elected into the Canadian House of Commons in 1873-74 but was denied his seat. He was pardoned in 1875 on the condition he would leave Canada. Both these incidents influenced Riel to go to the United States, where he taught in Montana at a Jesuit Mission, before being asked by the Mà ©tis to present their grievances to the Canadian Government and be their leader once more. In 1885, another rebellion commenced. The Mà ©tis had moved to Saskatchewan and began to fear they would lose their land to new settlers. Riel helped the Mà ©tis build a stronger, newer provincial government, which resulted in fighting. Government troops eventually defeated the Mà ©tis and Riel soon surrendered to the government. Riel’s trial was an interesting one. Riel’s defense lawyer beseeched him to plead insanity, but Riel proudly refused. â€Å"Your Honors, gentlemen of the jury: It would be easy for me to-day to play insanity, because the circumstances are such as to excite any man, and under the natural excitement of what is taking place to-day (I cannot speak English very well, but am trying to do so, because most of those here speak English), under the excitement which my trial causes me would justify me not to appear as usual, but with my mind out of its ordinary condition. I hope with the help of God I will maintain calmness and decorum as suits this honorable court, this honorable jury†¦If you take the plea of the defense that I am not responsible for my acts, acquit me completely since I have been quarrelling with an insane and irresponsible Government. If you pronounce in favor of the Crown, which contends that I am responsible, acquit me all the same.† Riel’s speeches were long but nonetheless touching. He spoke of what inspired him to help his people, while still flattering the white people of the court. â€Å"†¦I found the Indians suffering. I found the half-breeds eating the rotten pork of the Hudson Bay Company and getting sick and weak every day†¦I saw they were deprived of responsible government, I saw that they were deprived of their public liberties. I remembered that half-breed meant white and Indian, and while I paid attention to the suffering Indians and the half-breeds, I remembered that the greatest part of my heart and blood was white and I have directed my attention to help the Indians, to help the half-breeds and to help the whites to the best of my ability.† After the trial, Riel gratefully thanked the court, only to find out on August 1st, 1885, a jury of English-speaking Protestants found him guilty. Riel was hung on November 16th 1885. Riel’s death caused an outburst of racial hatred between French and English-speaking Canadians, which weakened Canadian unity. While Canada eventually won the west, unfortunately, the Mà ©tis never overcame their defeat. Were Riel’s efforts worth it? Currently there are no Mà ©tis reservations in Canada and the Mà ©tis are still as underprivileged and dispossessed as ever. As for Riel’s seat in the House of Commons, why was he denied his seat? Was it because he was a Mà ©tis? Or perhaps the government feared him? Whatever the reason, it was wrong. No man can be exiled without a clear, good reason , says the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. This Charter was established in 1872. Long before the trial. Riel’s exile is one of the main reason Riel was viewed as a traitor: not good enough for Canada. It appears that Riel’s treacherous deeds were merely a myth, brought upon by the government to stir fear in the heart of Riel followers. So to answer the question of â€Å"truth or treason?† I say truth. Riel began his own provincial government, improving it as time went on; even in a weak moment of question, his people supported him. When battle and political issues drove him from his home, he did it with grace; yet, when he returned he spoke eloquently on the subject. Even during his trial, he spoke with all the dignity and honor of a gentleman and a hero. His death was for his people. If that does not prove his honor, I do not know what does. Riel’s life and troubles have taught us much. In the future, we must not allow the government to control whom we believe in. We cannot allow another honorable person to die because he or she are seen as a threat. Research Papers on The Life of Louis RielQuebec and Canada19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoPETSTEL analysis of IndiaTwilight of the UAWRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andCapital PunishmentBringing Democracy to AfricaHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 Europe

Hares and Pikas - Lagomorpha - The Animal Encyclopedia

Hares and Pikas - Lagomorpha - The Animal Encyclopedia Hares, pikas and rabbits (Lagomorpha) are small terrestrial mammals that include cottontails, jackrabbits, pikas, hares and rabbits. The group is also commonly referred to as lagomorphs. There are about 80 species of lagomorphs divided into two subgroups, the pikas and the hares and rabbits. Lagomorphs are not as diverse as many other mammal groups, but they are widespread. They inhabit every continent except Antarctica and are absent from only a few places around the globe such as parts of South America, Greenland, Indonesia and Madagascar. Although not native to Australia, lagomorphs have been introduced there by humans and have since successfully colonized many parts of the continent. Lagomorphs generally have a short tail, large ears, wide-set eyes and narrow, slit-like nostrils that they can scrunch tightly closed. The two subgroups of lagomorphs differ considerably in their general appearance. Hares and rabbits are larger and have long hind legs, a short bushy tail and long ears. Pikas, on the other hand, in contrast, are smaller than hares and rabbits and more rotund. They have round bodies, short legs and a tiny, barely-visible tail. Their ears are prominent but are rounded and not as conspicuous as those of hares and rabbits. Lagomorphs often form the foundation of many predator-prey relationships in the ecosystems they inhabit. As important prey animals, lagomorphs are hunted by animals such as carnivores, owls and birds of prey. Many of their physical characteristics and specializations have evolved as a means of helping them escape predation. For example, their large ears enable them to hear approaching danger better; the position of their eyes enables them to have a near 360-degree range of vision; their long legs enable them to run quickly and out-maneuver predators. Lagomorphs are herbivores. They feed on grass, fruits, seeds, bark, roots, herbs and other plant material. Since the plants they eat are difficult to digest, they expel a wet fecal matter and eat it to ensure that the material passes through their digestive system twice. This enables them to extract as much nutrition as possible from their food. Lagomorphs inhabit most terrestrial habitats including semi-deserts, grasslands, woodlands, tropical forests and arctic tundra. Their distribution is worldwide with the exception of Antarctica, southern South America, most islands, Australia, Madagascar, and the West Indies. Lagomorphs have been introduced by humans to many ranges in which they were not formerly found and often such introductions have lead to widespread colonization. Evolution The earliest representative of the lagomorphs is thought to be Hsiuannania, a ground dwelling herbivore that lived during the Paleocene in China. Hsiuannania is know from just a few fragments of teeth and jaw bones. Despite the scant fossil record for early lagomorphs, what evidence there is indicates that the lagomorph clade originated somewhere in Asia. The earliest ancestor of rabbits and hares lived 55 million years ago in Mongolia. Pikas emerged about 50 million years ago during the Eocene. Pika evolution is difficult to resolve, as only seven species of pikas are represented in the fossil record. Classification The classification of lagomorphs is highly controversial. At one time, lagomorphs were considered to be rodents due to striking physical similarities between the two groups. But more recent molecular evidence has supported the notion that lagomorphs are no more related to rodents than they are to other mammal groups. For this reason they are now ranked as an entirely separate group of mammals. Lagomorphs are classified within the following taxonomic hierarchy: Animals Chordates Vertebrates Tetrapods Amniotes Mammals Lagomorphs Lagomorphs are divided into the following taxonomic groups: Pikas (Ochotonidae) - There are about 30 species of pikas alive today. Members of this group include silver pikas, collard pikas, steppe pikas, Chinese red pikas, Himalayan pikas, and many other species. Pikas are notable for their short, rounded ears, lack of a tail, and round body. Hares and rabbits (Leporidae) -Â  There are about 50 species of hares and rabbits alive today. Members of this group include eastern cottontails, robust cottontails, European rabbits, antelope jackrabbits, snowshoe hares, Arctic hares, volcano rabbits, desert hares, Abyssinian hares, and many others.

Trade Policy of UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Trade Policy of UK - Essay Example Secondly, the study also includes the home ownership aspect to the determinants of preferences regarding trade. It indicates that home ownership taken independent of the type of factor has a correlation with trade barrier support in the countries where the manufacturing mix has a concentration in sectors of comparative disadvantage. Here, we see that the preferences have a dependence on the effect of trade policy on the income of factors of production as well as on the economic benefit of the individual. Therefore, the preferences towards trade policy may be as result of not only income of the factors, but also of the ownership of the assets that they possess. However, the assets such as housing do not become a part of the standard theory of trade since it is not employed and nor is it presently produced asset. The study also says that ownership of home is correlated to negative preference for free trade in places having a manufacturing mix that is concentrated in comparative-disadvantage sectors. It is to be noted that when the economy runs on the basis of certain sectors, factors have a direct link in those specific sectors. Hence, it so happens that factors in different sectors show their different preferences i.e. support or negativity. This happens when there is an assumption of immobility of factors between sectors. Here, if the sector is not an exporting one, they prefer protection. However, free trade is the most preferred, if the sector is an exporting one, which means there is negative preference for trade barriers. However, if we assume that factors have mobility, factors who have a higher supply (those factors that are more in number) will have a preference for free trade policy & those which are less in number will have a preference towards protection. The theory on the trade policy indicates that the trade policy is evaluated by individuals in the light of the effect of the same on their incomes. They see whether the effect of the policy is favorable on their income or not and then have a preference towards protection or free trade policy. This does not take into consideration the national welfare. This happens because the income of the factor is affected because of the changes in the relative prices of the products. As seen earlier, we have also taken a view of the mobility of factors of production. The changes in the mobility of factors make an impact on the changes in income and thus influence the decision about trade policy i.e. having a support towards trade barriers or towards free trade. When we talk about the mobility of the factors, we are taking an assumption that the factors can move costlessly amongst sectors. When free trade comes in, not only is product price affected, but there is a change in factor price also. Hence, with the possibility of shifting sectors, the returns rise for the labour. Hence, when this is possible the support towards free trade is higher, since it affects the income positively. This model generally assumes that there is support for protection in the sectors where the factors employed are those which are scarce. The above explanation clearly brings out that the factor type that is abundant will

Universities and how they are funded PowerPoint Presentation

Universities and how they are funded - PowerPoint Presentation Example The same applies to several Master’s programmes for EU-EEA, Swiss and Finnish students. Erasmus Mundus programmes attract fees for non-EU students, but eligible to Erasmus Mundus Scholarship by application. In general European Union students have the same rights in another EU State. Thus, European Union citizens are involuntarily entitled to education in other European Union’s member states: therefore should not be paying more tuition fees and they must always be able to access a residence permit. Despite European Union financial crisis, its government has managed to present multi annual financial framework for 2014 to 2020 to its Education system that proposes to increase education and training funds by 70%. This is equivalent to 17 billion Euros to support cooperation between institutions, transnational learning mobility, implementation of education policies in the Member States and modernization of education. Alzheimer Europe, 2009, August 21, â€Å"The four main approaches,† Retrieved July 5, 2012, from Alzheimer Europe: http://www.alzheimer-europe.org/Research/Understanding-dementia-research/Types-of-research/The-four-main-approachesAtwater, M., Freeman, B., Butler, B. & Draper-Morris, J. (2010). A case study of science teacher candidates’ understandings and actions related to the culturally responsive teaching of ‘Other’ students. International Journal of Environmental & Science Education , 5 (3),